Perilla Mint

Scientific Name: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton

Family: Lamiaceae

Perilla mint is an aromatic, herbaceous plant native to East Asia. Often referred to as "Japanese basil" or "shiso," it is a functional food and nutraceutical, cherished in many culinary traditions, especially in Japan, Korea, and China, for its distinct flavor and impressive health benefits. The plant is grown for both its edible leaves and seeds, which have diverse uses in cooking and traditional medicine. Perilla mint leaves come in various colors, including green, red, and purple, each with its unique flavor profile. Highly nutritious and rich in antioxidants, shiso has gained popularity in global kitchens as a superfood.

This herb is also known for its ability to thrive in diverse growing conditions, making it an excellent choice for gardeners and chefs alike. Whether used in sushi rolls, salads, or infused oils, shiso’s culinary versatility makes it a prized addition to many dishes. But beyond its flavor, perilla mint offers a wide range of health benefits that have been recognized for centuries in Eastern medicine.

History of Perilla Mint

Perilla mint been cultivated in East Asia for over 2,000 years, where it has played a key role in both cuisine and traditional medicine. It is believed to have originated in China and later spread to Japan and Korea. In these countries, perilla mint is not only used in cooking but also in religious rituals and as a remedy for various ailments.

In Japan, perilla mint has a long history of being used to flavor rice, sashimi, and pickled dishes. The green variety, called aojiso, is particularly common in Japanese cuisine, while the red variety, known as aka-jiso, is used to color pickled vegetables like umeboshi (pickled plums). Perilla mint leaves were historically valued for their ability to aid digestion and prevent foodborne illnesses, as they are believed to have antibacterial properties.

In traditional Chinese medicine, perilla mint has been used for centuries to treat a variety of conditions, including nausea, indigestion, and inflammation. Its seeds, often referred to as "perilla seeds," are used in teas, oils, and other remedies for respiratory issues, such as asthma and coughs.

Botanical Description

Perilla mint typically grows to a height of about 30 to 90 cm (1 to 3 feet), but can occasionally grow taller in optimal conditions. The plant has an upright, bushy, or spreading form with branches that are often square in shape, a characteristic of the Lamiaceae family.

The leaves are opposite, ovate or elliptic, and they can vary in size, usually ranging from 5 to 12 cm long and 3 to 7 cm wide. The leaf margins are often serrated, and the surface can be smooth or slightly wrinkled. The leaves are green in the typical variety, but varieties with purple, red, or green-purple leaves are common. The underside of the leaves is typically a lighter green with visible veins. Perilla mint has a distinctive aromatic quality due to the essential oils in its leaves, with the flavor being slightly spicy, minty, and basil-like.

The stems of Perilla frutescens are square, as is typical in the mint family, and are often green but can be purple or reddish in some varieties.

Perilla mint produces small, tubular flowers that are clustered in spike-like inflorescences at the tips of the branches. The flowers are usually white or pale purple, with five petals and two lips.

The plant produces numerous flowers, often in dense clusters. The flowers attract pollinators like bees and butterflies.

The fruit is a small, dry, and hard nutlet, often around 1.5–2 mm in diameter. It is usually dark brown or black when mature and contains a single seed.

The root system is fibrous and typically shallow, with a prominent taproot.

Growing Instructions

Perilla mint is a relatively easy plant to grow, making it suitable for both beginner and experienced gardeners.

Sunlight: Perilla mint grows best in full sunlight, where it can receive at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight per day. While it can tolerate partial shade, the plant will produce more vibrant and flavorful leaves when given sufficient light. In cooler climates, providing shiso with a warm, sunny location will encourage optimal growth.

Soil: Perilla mint prefers rich, loamy soil that is slightly acidic to neutral in pH. Well-drained soil is crucial to avoid root rot, as shiso does not tolerate standing water. Adding compost or organic matter to the soil before planting will help provide the nutrients necessary for healthy growth.

Temperature: Being a warm-weather plant, perilla mint thrives in temperatures between 70°F and 85°F (21°C to 29°C). It is sensitive to frost and should be grown in regions where temperatures do not drop below 50°F (10°C). In colder climates, perilla mint may be grown in containers and brought indoors when temperatures fall.

Watering: Perilla mint prefers consistent moisture, especially during its early growth stages. However, it is important not to overwater the plant, as soggy soil can lead to root rot. Water the plant regularly, ensuring that the soil is moist but not waterlogged. Allow the top layer of soil to dry slightly before watering again.

Spacing: When planting perilla mint, space the plants about 8 to 12 inches apart. This allows enough room for the plants to grow and spread their aromatic leaves. Proper spacing also helps with air circulation, reducing the risk of fungal diseases.

Pruning: Pruning perilla mint encourages bushier growth and increases leaf production. Regularly pinch back the tops of the plant to promote lateral branching. This will result in more leaves for harvesting. You can also remove any flowers that appear, as they are not typically consumed, and their growth can take energy away from the leaves.

Support: Perilla mint is a relatively low-maintenance plant and typically does not require support. However, in windy areas, providing a small stake or trellis may help keep the plant upright and prevent it from falling over.

Life Cycle: Perilla mint is typically grown as an annual, but in warmer regions, it may reseed itself and return the following year. The life cycle of perilla mint includes the following stages:

• Germination: Perilla mint seeds take 7 to 14 days to germinate in warm soil (around 70°F to 80°F / 21°C to 27°C).

• Vegetative Growth: During the vegetative stage, perilla mint produces its signature aromatic leaves, which can be harvested once the plant reaches about 6 inches in height.

• Flowering: Perilla mint flowers are small and purple, appearing toward the end of the growing season. While not commonly used in cooking, the flowers attract pollinators like bees.

• Seed Production: After flowering, the plant produces small, brown seeds that can be harvested for replanting.

• End of Season: In colder climates, perilla mint will die back at the end of the growing season, but in warmer regions, it may self-seed and return the following year.

Harvesting and Foraging

Harvesting: Perilla mint leaves are ready for harvesting once the plant has reached a height of about 6 inches. The leaves are most flavorful when they are young and tender. Use scissors or pruning shears to cut the leaves, taking care not to damage the plant. Regular harvesting encourages new growth, so you can continue to collect fresh leaves throughout the season.

Foraging: Perilla mint can be found growing wild in some areas, particularly in East Asia. However, if foraging, it is essential to properly identify the plant, as some varieties of perilla can be toxic. Always ensure you are collecting from a safe, clean area free from pollution or pesticide use.

Plant Companions

Perilla mint grows well alongside other herbs and plants that thrive in similar conditions. Good companions include:

• Basil

• Mint

• Parsley

• Tomatoes

These plants share similar soil and sunlight requirements, making them ideal partners in the garden. Additionally, perilla mint’s aromatic leaves can help repel certain pests, providing a natural pest control benefit.

Common Pests and Diseases

Pests: Perilla mint is relatively pest-resistant but can occasionally attract aphids, flea beetles, and whiteflies. These can be controlled using natural insecticides like neem oil or by introducing beneficial insects such as ladybugs.

Diseases: Perilla mint is generally resistant to most plant diseases, but it can be susceptible to fungal issues if grown in overly humid or damp conditions. To prevent fungal infections, avoid overhead watering and ensure that the plant has adequate air circulation.

Shopping Tips

When purchasing perilla mint plants or seeds, look for healthy, vibrant specimens with no signs of disease or pest damage. Choose plants that have a strong root system, and if buying seeds, ensure they are fresh for the best germination rates.

Storage

Fresh perilla mint leaves can be stored in the refrigerator for up to a week. To preserve the leaves for longer, you can dry them or freeze them. To dry perilla mint, hang the leaves upside down in a well-ventilated area, away from the sun, until they are completely dry. Dried perilla mint can be crushed into a powder and stored in an airtight container.

Food Safety

Perilla mint leaves are generally safe to eat, but it’s important to wash them thoroughly before consumption to remove any dirt or pesticides.

Culinary Uses

Perilla mint is a versatile herb used in a variety of dishes. It is often featured in Japanese cuisine, where it is used to garnish sushi, flavor rice, and make pickles. Perilla mint leaves have a bold, refreshing flavor that combines elements of basil, mint, and anise, making them a great addition to salads, stir-fries, and sandwiches.

In Korean cuisine, perilla mint is used to make kimchi and other fermented dishes. The leaves can also be used to make perilla seed oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. The seeds themselves can be roasted and used as a topping for rice or incorporated into sauces and dressings.

Health Benefits

Perilla mint offers a wide range of health benefits, making it a valuable addition to a balanced diet. Some of the key health benefits of shiso include:

• Anti-inflammatory properties: Perilla mint contains compounds that help reduce inflammation, making it useful for managing conditions like arthritis and allergies.

• Digestive aid: Perilla mint is commonly used in traditional medicine to promote healthy digestion and alleviate symptoms of nausea, bloating, and indigestion.

• Antioxidant-rich: Perilla mint leaves are rich in antioxidants, which help protect the body from oxidative stress and free radical damage, contributing to overall health and longevity.

• Respiratory health: Perilla mint seeds have been used to treat respiratory issues such as asthma and coughs, as they are believed to have soothing properties for the lungs.

• Anti-cancer properties: Some studies suggest that perilla mint contains compounds that may have anti-cancer effects, particularly in relation to breast cancer cells.

Toxicity and Safety

Perilla mint is generally safe to eat, but pregnant women should exercise caution when consuming large amounts of shiso due to its potential effects on hormone levels. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare provider before using shiso for medicinal purposes.

Environmental Impact

Perilla mint is an environmentally friendly plant that requires relatively little water and is resistant to many pests. It can be grown in various climates, including temperate and subtropical regions, making it an excellent choice for sustainable farming practices. Additionally, perilla mint can be grown without the need for synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, further reducing its environmental footprint.